Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181

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00:00:00 - 01:00:00

In the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181" YouTube video, a panel of experts discusses the impacts of geothermal energy on climate. Dorito, a physical geographer, questions the prevailing theory that rising levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide are driving global warming, as the temperature patterns do not conform to the CO2 as a control knob hypothesis. He highlights the significance of geothermal heating on global temperatures and ocean circulation, with mid-ocean geothermal flux accounting for nearly 55% of the variability in global temperatures. The discussion also explores the correlation between seismic activity in mid-ocean ridges, resulting in increased geothermal flux, and its impact on global temperatures. Studies indicate a strong relationship between mid-ocean seismicity and geothermal flux, with a correlation coefficient of 0.74. Geothermal heating at the ocean bottom can impact the thermohaline circulation and weaken the stability of the water column, leading to significant forcing for global climate models. Additionally, the panel discusses examples of volcanic eruptions and their effects on climate, including the eruption of Pinatubo in 1991 and its resulting global temperature drop. Overall, the experts emphasize the importance of considering geothermal energy and volcanic activity in climate studies, and that this research has been underrepresented in climate models

00:00:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," a panel of experts discusses the impacts of geothermal energy on climate. Dorito, a physical geographer, speaks about the mid ocean geothermal flux and its impacts on the thermohaline circulation and global climate. He explains that global temperatures have experienced small but significant warming over the past 25 years, with a clear north to south gradient, and questions the prevailing theory that rising levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide are driving this increase. He points out that the temperature patterns do not conform to the CO2 as a control knob hypothesis and that models predicting warming based on CO2 are inadequate. The discussion then moves on to the impact of geothermal heat on global temperatures, with Dorito noting that very little research has been done on this topic and that the majority of geothermal heat is emitted by volcanoes and hydrothermal vents in the middle of the ocean basins. A graph is shown indicating the distribution of geothermal heat along the ocean floors where plates are diverging or splitting apart
00:05:00 In this section of the podcast titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", Tom Nelson discusses the correlation between seismic activity in mid-ocean ridges and the resulting geothermal heat, its impact on the ocean temperature, and its connection to global temperatures. Mid-ocean hydrothermal systems respond to seismic and magmatic activity, leading to changes in discharge rate, temperature, microbial activity, and composition. A study by Davis et al. shows that an increase in seismic events and magmatic activity correlates highly with higher geothermal flux. The Mid Ocean Ridge's seismic activity and corresponding geothermal flux have a similar stair-step pattern to global temperatures, with a 2-year lag between the change in global temperatures and mid-ocean seismic activity. Several studies indicate the detection of warming at the ocean bottom since the 1990s. After matching the global temperature and mid-ocean seismic activity curves year by year, a better match is observed with a one-year and a two-year lag between the two curves, revealing a strong relationship between mid-ocean seismicity and geothermal flux in the global temperature with a correlation coefficient of 0.74
00:10:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," Tom Nelson discusses the significance of geothermal heating on global temperatures and ocean circulation. It is highlighted that mid-ocean geothermal flux accounts for nearly 55% of the variability in global temperatures, and recent studies suggest that geothermal heating at the ocean bottom can impact the thermohaline circulation, which plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation. This heating can weaken the stability of the water column, warm the bottom water, and strengthen the thermohaline circulation. Moreover, ocean geothermal heating is highlighted as a significant forcing for global climate models, enabling the acceleration of ocean circulation, particularly at the Arctic Basin and the North Atlantic, where it plays a vital role in polar heat transport. Overall, the information presented demonstrates that geothermal heating has a considerable impact on global climate systems
00:15:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", the speaker discusses the correlation between a major inflection point in mid-ocean circulation in 1995 and the subsequent impacts on Arctic climate. The graph presented illustrates the shift from a negative Amo index to a positive one, which has led to shrinking marine biomes, receding sea ice cover, and increased temperatures in the Arctic. These changes have been linked to the warming of North Atlantic currents, increased surface velocities, and declining cloud cover. Additionally, the enhanced thermohaline flow has caused more water to accumulate in the Western Pacific warm pool, leading to a significant increase in heat content and size. This pool represents a massive store of heat that can be redistributed across the Pacific Basin when pressure conditions switch from neutral to active phases. The speaker emphasizes that these changes occurred after the inflection point in 1995, which is a critical turning point for Arctic climate
00:20:00 In this section of the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" podcast (Tom Nelson Pod #181), Tom Nelson discusses the impact of increased geothermal flux driven by mid-ocean ridge seismic activity on climate. According to a study by Adrien Lamb, the Western Pacific warm pool, also known as the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool, is warming at a faster rate than other areas of the ocean due to warmth stemming from the surface waters into the Pacific Ocean along the Equator. This warming of the Kuroshio Current and its extension is leading to increased heat transport into the Western Pacific, amplified oros peros warming, and higher Pacific temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere tropics and extratropics. Additionally, the increased heat transport into the North Atlantic is directly heating the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, reducing ice and cloud cover, and increasing global humidities, leading to an increase in water vapor content in the atmosphere. The plate climatology Theory, developed by Tom Nelson since 1977, states that geological forces influence, alter, or control Earth's climate and climate related events
00:25:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", the speaker discusses the significant temperature differences between West and East Antarctica. Despite increasing atmospheric temperatures due to global warming, West Antarctica remains warmer due to geological factors, particularly the presence of a large fault zone beneath the ice. This fault zone is responsible for deep canyons, volcanoes, geothermal hot springs, and earthquakes. An example given is the South Shetland Islands, where an active volcano and hot springs can be found. The speaker explains that there were over 85,000 earthquakes in that region in October 2022, caused by a volcanic junction. The Pine Island Glacier, marked as a red location on the map, is also mentioned as an example of extreme thinning due to heat from the fault zone beneath it
00:30:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," Tom Nelson discusses the significant impact geology, specifically mantle plumes, has on the Earth's climate. He explains how increased heat flow beneath certain glaciers, including the Thor Glacier or the "Doomsday Glacier," can be indicative of large mantle plumes. These plumes, which originate from the Earth's core, can cause extreme geological features such as lava flows and the movement of continents through plate tectonics. The heat from mantle plumes affects the climate by influencing atmospheric and oceanic conditions, as seen in the El Niño phenomenon
00:35:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" by Tom Nelson Pod #181, the speaker discusses the impact of El Nino and La Nina phenomena on climate change. Contrary to popular belief and some research studies, the speaker argues that these phenomena have not significantly changed in strength or duration since 1880. The speaker also points out that the changes in Linia, which mimics the shape of El Nino, do not fit with the ongoing glowing shining and ocean temperature increases. Furthermore, the rapid changes in Linia and El Nino cannot be accounted for by uniform atmospheric warming alone. The speaker uses an analogy of a volcano to explain the fixed point of Linus and Elenia, suggesting that their origin may be geological in nature rather than atmospheric. The speaker also criticizes the media for not mentioning the cause of El Nino and La Nina phenomena and for focusing solely on their alleged impacts on climate change, such as droughts, migration patterns, and atmospheric changes. The speaker intends to spend more time discussing ice ages, arguing that they are not as we imposed to be and that they are caused by volcanic activity
00:40:00 In this section of the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" podcast by Tom Nelson (Pod #181), the speaker discusses the impacts of geothermal energy on climate through the lens of volcanic activity. He refers to a 1977 study from the University of Cambridge, which concluded that all climate models need updating due to the omission of volcanic activity. This oversight, according to the speaker, has resulted in an underestimation of the role volcanic activity plays in climate change. The speaker then mentions a 2023 study by the University of Vermont, which found that Greenland was ice-free in 2000, and the current CO2 levels, while higher than in 2000, are not the main cause of melting ice. The speaker also discusses a 2023 study by the University of Oxford that discovered some rock layers across the Earth release CO2, rather than absorbing it. Lastly, a high-resolution study from 2019 recognizes thousands to millions of geological features in the ocean, which account for 71% of the Earth's surface and have not been acknowledged previously. Overall, the speaker emphasizes that these geological features and volcanic events significantly impact climate and climate-related events
00:45:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate," Tom Nelson discusses the impact of volcanic eruptions on climate. Volcanic eruptions reduce solar radiation and lead to cooling, with the severity of the climate impact dependent on the size of the eruption, measured by the explosivity index. Sulfur dioxide and water vapor are important greenhouse gases released during volcanic eruptions. Satellite tracking has allowed for the observation of volcanic clouds as they disperse around the globe. The eruption of Pinatubo in 1991, with a volcanic explosivity index (VI) of six, caused a global temperature drop of almost half a degree Celsius due to the large volume of water vapor entering the stratosphere. Nelson shares how his interest in climate impacts was sparked by observing the correlation between the driest year on record in Hong Kong in 1963 and the eruption of Agung in Bali, which led to global temperature decline and heavy rainfall in Hong Kong the following year
00:50:00 In this section of the podcast, Tom Nelson discusses the impact of geothermal energy on climate through examples of volcanic eruptions and their effects on weather patterns. In 2008, the Chilean volcano Chaitén erupted, resulting in heavy rainstorms in Hong Kong due to the sulfur dioxide folding time discovered after the Pinatubo eruption. In 2010, the Soufrière Hills volcano erupted in Monserrat, causing a frontal activity storm in Madeira, Portugal, leading to flooding and damage in Western Europe. Another volcanic eruption, E15 in Iceland, brought heavy flooding to Central Europe, Slovakia, Pakistan, and China, through the penetration of deep volcanic clouds into the continental interior. More recently, the Tonga eruption of 2022 led to record rainfall and severe flooding in eastern Australia and New Zealand through the large volume of water vapor entering the stratosphere. The podcast highlights how these volcanic activities can significantly impact weather patterns and cause damage
00:55:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", the speaker discusses the impacts of volcanic eruptions on climate, specifically the effects of the 1991 eruption in the Philippines and submarine volcanic events such as the North Atlantic's Ahl brand volcano and Tonga's Nishinoshima. The eruptions result in the formation of hot water blobs, which lead to various climatic events including the disruption of sea surface temperature and pressure, wind changes, and sea level alterations. The speaker also highlights how oceanic blocks formed by these eruptions can impact Polar CIS due to the connection between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the North and South Poles. The discussion also touches on the confirmation of submarine volcanic eruptions using temperature and salinity profiling from data buoys

01:00:00 - 02:00:00

In the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" podcast episode #181 by Tom Nelson, the speaker discusses various aspects of the relationship between geothermal energy and climate. The podcast covers the impact of Milankovich cycles on Earth's climate patterns, the role of submarine and volcanic eruptions in shaping the Earth's climate, and the challenges in studying submarine volcanic eruptions and measuring their heat input. The speaker emphasizes the significance of Milankovich cycles in driving Earth's climate patterns, especially the dominant 100,000-year Ice Age cycles. He discusses how these cycles influence insolation, volcanic activity, and gravitational tides and how they led to extended warm periods that enabled hippos to thrive near the poles during certain time periods. The role of submarine and volcanic eruptions in shaping the Earth's climate is another topic covered in the podcast. The speaker discusses the impact of a volcanic event that released approximately 15 billion tons of magma, and how it led to regional weather changes, including the formation of Kelvin Waves caused by the weight of the water. He also mentions the role of large low-frequency seismic events (large volcanic eruptions) and their regional climate impacts, as well as the absence of such events in the Arctic. The speaker also touches upon the challenges in studying submarine volcanic eruptions and measuring their heat input. He highlights the need for better understanding of oceanography to monitor these events and the discovery of unexpectedly high bottom temperatures off the coast of Panama and Costa Rica, requiring more research to gain a better understanding of these phenomena. Overall, the podcast emphasizes the complex relationship between geothermal energy and climate and the need for more research to understand these phenomena better. The speakers discuss the significance of Milankovich cycles, volcanic and submarine eruptions, and ocean currents in shaping the Earth's climate and climate predictions

01:00:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", the speaker discusses the connection between volcanic eruptions, specifically those resulting in oceanic blobs, and their impacts on climate. Notable examples include the 2012 El Hero eruption in the North Atlantic Ocean, which led to record low sea ice, extreme hurricane seasons, and severe droughts. The North Pacific blob, responsible for two years without winter in the Northeast Pacific area, was caused by a submarine volcano near Tokajo and contributed to ecoological changes, including mass mortality and ELO blooms. Other volcanic eruptions, such as those in the South Pacific in 2014 to 2015 and 2019 to 2020, also led to significant climate events, including record temperatures and severe flooding. The speaker emphasizes that despite varying temperatures anomalies, these oceanic blobs can still cause severe weather and climate changes
01:05:00 In this section of the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" podcast by Tom Nelson (Pod #181), the speaker discusses the impacts of geothermal energy on climate through the examples of submarine and volcanic eruptions. One such eruption occurred in Nishinoshima, Japan, which was active for 30 months starting from March 2013. This eruption caused regional warming and cooling through the release of geothermal heat, and led to extreme weather conditions, including severe winters, cyclonic activity, heavy rainfall, and flooding. The speaker emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the role of geothermal heat in atmospheric and oceanic circulation changes in climatic modeling. Additionally, the speaker as an engineer and physicist, is more interested in quantifying the effects of submarine volcanoes on climate, where most of the heat is stored in the world's oceans
01:10:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," Tom Nelson discusses the impact of Milankovich cycles on Earth's climate patterns. He explains that Earth's climate has cycled between ice ages and interglacials with varying frequencies for the past 2.8 million years. For the past million years, these cycles have been dominated by 100,000-year Ice Age cycles, and currently, we are in the Neo-glacial interglacial, which is cooler than the last four interglacials. To understand these cycles, scientists use tools like Buer's spectral analysis to separate the frequencies in the Vostok Ice Core data. The analysis reveals the presence of Milankovich frequencies, specifically 100,000, 41,000, 23,000, and 19-year cycles. These frequencies combine to influence Earth's climate patterns, including insolation, volcanic activity, and gravitational tides. During the Eman, for instance, the combination of eccentricity procession, obliquity tilt, and all three frequencies being in phase led to extended warm periods, resulting in conditions that allowed hippos to thrive near the poles. Overall, the speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding these cycles to gain a better grasp of Earth's climate dynamics and future climate predictions
01:15:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", the speaker discusses the significance of oceanic crust and volcanoes in shaping the Earth's climate. The speaker explains that the oceanic crust is much thinner than continental crust, allowing for easier magma flow and volcanic activity. As a result, the speaker theorizes that there could be over 5,000 active volcanoes on the ocean floor, despite the fact that only approximately 1,500 are known to exist on continents. The speaker also points out several notable volcanically active regions, such as the Kermadec Trench and the Mariana Trench. Additionally, the speaker discusses the Tonga volcano, which erupted violently underwater in 2018. Overall, the speaker emphasizes the importance of oceanic crust and volcanic activity in contributing to Earth's climate
01:20:00 In this section of the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" YouTube video by Tom Nelson Pod #181, the speaker discusses the impact of geothermal energy on climate using the example of a volcanic event. The speaker explains how a volcano that wasn't there before, named Viterito, grew 5 cubic kilometers in six months and released approximately 15 billion tons of magma. This heat, which is not dispersed but on its way to the surface, can significantly influence the climate. The speaker also mentions that in the same year, there were two more major hurricanes than usual, and Madagascar and East Africa were severely flooded. The heat from the volcano hits the ocean's surface, causing a discontinuity and spreading the heat across a larger area. The Earth is not solid as many believe but is a jelly-like body with a thin crust, and internal gravity and orbital gravitational fields determine its shape. The speaker also mentions that the oceans don't stop or moderate volcanoes as some geologists claim, as high tides do not have a significant impact on the volcanic activity
01:25:00 In this section of the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" podcast episode #181 by Tom Nelson, the discussion revolves around theunique characteristics of submarine volcanoes and the Earth's constantly changing geological processes. The speaker explains that the pressure under the mantle is thousands to tens of thousands of bars, much greater than the pressure at the bottom of the deepest ocean trench. He goes on to describe the Earth as a liquid for collision purposes and notes that everything, including the oceans and the atmosphere, is held in place by gravity. The speaker also mentions the impact of solid tidal forces on the planet, which causes the oceans and crust to be constantly massaged. He explains that the modulation amplitude of these tidal forces changes with orbital forcing, affecting the rate at which magma is pushed to the surface. The speaker then elaborates on the findings of a study by Scott White who measured the output of submarine volcanoes and found that they release 6.4 times more magma under the ocean than on land. The largest hole in the ocean floor, the Hawaiian hot spot, releases 100 million cubic meters of magma per year, most of which ends up in the sea. Overall, the speaker discusses the variability of submarine volcanoes and how they are less predictable than geothermal energy sources, making them less interesting to him
01:30:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181", Tom Nelson discusses the heat released by volcanoes and its impact on the ocean temperature. Volcanic heat, which enters the oceans in the form of plumes, can vary the ocean temperature by a degree or so but only adds up to an average of 0.34 watts per square meter. The speaker then discusses a study conducted by researchers K and Cerol in 2012, which analyzed the rate of volcanic eruptions on the Ring of Fire and found that there is a correlation between volcanic activity and Milankovich orbital forcing, suggesting that volcanicity might not just be a result of climate change but perhaps the other way around. The researchers also found that volcanic activity increases during periods of maximum eccentricity and before interglacial events. While the exact variability of volcanic activity is uncertain, the speaker guesses that it might be five times the average during 20% of the time and less than the average during the other 80% of the time
01:35:00 In this section of the "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" podcast by Tom Nelson (Pod #181), the speaker discusses the climate patterns during interglacial periods and the impact of geothermal energy on climate. James Covington, a weather enthusiast, plotted four interglacial periods on the same timebase, and each square on the graph represents a thousand years and a degree centigrade. The last three interglacial periods generally followed a pattern of climbing to a peak before settling back to the interglacial optimum and then into a Neoglacial period. However, the current interglacial didn't behave like the others, as temperatures dipped back to glacial levels for 3,000 years before suddenly shooting back up again. The speaker questions where the heat came from to melt the ice sheets, even though land temperatures were going back down to glacial levels. Geothermal energy is a small proportion of total surface energy, and the speaker references the sun's significance in heating the planet. The speaker concludes that volcanic and submarine effects are regionally significant in the weather, but the idea of them being caused by climate change is a nonsensical concept
01:40:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," Tom Nelson discusses the role of geothermal energy in climate change and the significance of volcanic activity. He argues that volcanic heating is likely a minor or non-factor when it comes to global temperature changes, as the number of seismic events shows a high correlation with global temperatures. However, he also acknowledges the importance of high-intensity, low-frequency seismic events (large volcanic eruptions) and their regional impacts. Furthermore, he points out the absence of such large volcanic events in the Arctic, where the Arctic amplification is a major factor. Nelson concludes by suggesting that both high and low intensity seismic events contribute to the combined climate impact and should not be ignored
01:45:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," the discussion shifts towards considering the implications of their findings and how to disseminate this information further. Tom Nelson asks for suggestions on expanding the audience and deepening the understanding of the scientific community. Dr. Peter Cattell shares his thoughts on the potential impact of geothermal energy on climate, emphasizing the need to account for geothermal vents and the cyclical nature of geological processes. He suggests that the planet's continuous movement and the increasing number of seismic events may be influencing the geothermal energy situation. The panel agrees that more research is necessary to understand the complex relationship between geothermal energy and climate
01:50:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," the speaker discusses the impacts of ocean currents and temperature changes on climate. The speaker explains that a rise in sea level in the Western Pacific can lead to the formation of a Kelvin Wave, a gravity wave caused by the weight of the water. He suggests that volcanic events may trigger this wave but that it will eventually collapse under its own weight. The speaker also mentions that the major tides, which occur every 18.6 years (the elliptic periodicity of the Moon), may be caused by gravitational forces. The speaker highlights the need for more information and deeper ocean readings to fully understand these phenomena and their impact on climate. The speaker also touches upon the concept of thermohaline circulation and the role salt plays in ocean density and temperature
01:55:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate | Tom Nelson Pod #181," Jim discusses the challenges in studying submarine volcanic eruptions and measuring the heat input from the ocean floor. He mentions the Tonga submarine eruptions and the temperature difference from the normal as potential indicators. However, he emphasizes the need to better understand the oceanographically to monitor these events, particularly the heat flow from the systems. Jim also briefly touches on the role of organisms at the bottom of the ocean as radiators and the limitation in being able to directly measure the heat flow at depths of 4,000 feet. Additionally, Jim explains the surprising discovery that bottom temperatures off the coast of Panama and Costa Rica are much higher than expected and the role of continuous convection in releasing the heat into the overlying ocean. However, he highlights that more data about the actual heat flow is required to better understand these phenomena. Jim also reflects on the underestimated role of heat from volcanic activity in driving climate change and the need to consider the role of asymmetry in the Earth's continental structure

02:00:00 - 02:05:00

In Tom Nelson Pod #181's "Viterito/Kamis/Yim/Catt: Impacts of Geothermal Energy on Climate" episode, the speakers discuss the impact of geothermal energy on hemispheres' climate and its role as a low-carbon energy source. The Arctic Ocean, predominantly land, reflects more sunlight and has a larger climate effect when receiving changes in energy compared to the more stable Antarctic Ocean. A necessary interglacial event, where northern hemisphere ice melts when pushed against the sun, triggers temperature rises in the Northern Hemisphere. The speakers commend Nelson for his podcast and recommend using the Madison Wisconsin Milankovitch tool to understand Earth's tilt, orbital changes, and climate. They also mention that geothermal energy, though emitting minimal greenhouse gases, can be mitigated with carbon capture and storage technologies. The use of geothermal energy for electricity generation helps reduce the demand for emissions-intensive energy sources